Lupine Publishers | The Loop Regions and Substrate Specificity of GH 27 Familiy α-Galactosidases

Lupine Publishers | Scholarly Journal of Food and Nutrition

Abstract

α-Galactosidases as natural biocatalysts have important application value in various industries. In this paper, we reviewed their physiological functions, biological sources, classification, and protein structure and substrate specificity relationships of Glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 27, aiming at providing references for related experiments and studies.

Keywords: GH27α-Galactosidase, Loop region, Substrate specificity, Thermo stability, Stability at low pH 29

Abbreviations: GH: Glycoside Hydrolase

Introduction

Galacto-oligosaccharides (i.e. stachyose and raffinose) commonly exist in food and feed and are indigestible by human and animals, thereby causing flatulence, gastrointestinal disturbance and low feed efficiency. [1] α-Galactosidases (EC. 3.2.1.22) has hydrolysis ability to degrade these anti-nutritional factors, decrease the viscosity of the diet, reduce the occurrence of diarrhoea, destroy the structure of the cell wall of the plant, promote the nutrition release, improve the utilization efficiency of the nutrients in the feed, increases lean meat rate, enhances immune function and disease resistance of animals. [2,3] α-Galactosidases has great application value in industrial processes of feed, food, and beet sugar production. α-Galactosidases are widely distributed in fungi, bacteria, plants and human (www.cazy.org). Fungal α-galactosidases have maximal activity at pH 3-5, but bacterial α-galactosidases are the optimal pH of 6-7.5.1, [4-6] Some thermostable α-galactosidases have been identified from thermophilic fungi, such as thermomyces lanuginosus, Talaromecys emersonii, and Rhizomucor miehei. [7- 9] Due to high processing temperatures and acidic environment of the gastrointestinal tract, the highly efficient, thermostable and acidicphilic α-galactosidases with broad substrate specificity is of great interest. [10] Base on the sequence similarities, α-galactosidases are divided into Glycoside Hydrolase (GH) families 4, 27, 36, 57, 97, and 110. [11] Most fungal α-galactosidases belong to GH27 and have conserved YLKYDNC catalytic motif and DD(G/C) W binding motif. [12,13] The resolved crystal structures of two GH27 α-galactosidases from Trichoderma reesei (1t0oA) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScAGal, 3LRK) share a (β/α)8 barrel fold and a retaining reaction mechanism. [13,14] Sequence analysis indicated Loops 1, 2, and 4 of α-galactosidase from T. reesei and corresponding loops 1-3 and 6 from ScAGal create new binding sites for formation and breakdown of a covalent glycosyl enzyme intermediate.13,14 In our study, two α-galactosidases Gal27A and Gal27B of family GH27 from the thermophilic Neosartorya fischeri had similar tertiary structures but varied in loop regions and substrate specificity. [15,16] Gal27A had far separate loops and showed higher activity towards raffinose, which was 4.9 - and 3.8- fold for that of melibiose and stachyose.

[15] Whereas stachyose was a preferred substrate for Gal27B with closely proximate loops and its activity to stachyose was 9.6- and 4.4-fold of melibiose and raffinose, respectively.16 Introduction of loop 4 of Gal27A into Gal27B elevated the activity to raffinose and broaded the substrate specificity (data not shown). Kinetic analysis of prolyl oligopeptidase indicated the loop splitting decreased the affinity of the enzyme to the substrate. [17] Sitedirected mutagenesis revealed loops facing the active site of prolyl oligopeptidase can regulate the substrate gating and specificity. [18] Thus the flexibility and motility of loops are presumed to be involved in enzyme-substrate interactions. The transformation of the zymoproteins is an important source to obtain excellent zymoproteins for various industries. With the development and accumulation of structural biological information of protein structure and function, protein rational design will inevitably become an important means to improve the properties of enzyme proteins

https://lupinepublishers.com/food-and-nutri-journal/pdf/SJFN.MS.ID.000102.pdf

https://lupinepublishers.com/food-and-nutri-journal/fulltext/the-loop-regions-and-substrate-specificity-of-gh-27-familiy-galactosidases.ID.000102.php

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Lupine Publishers | The Loop Regions and Substrate Specificity of GH 27 Familiy α-Galactosidases

 Lupine Publishers | Scholarly Journal of Food and Nutrition

Abstract

α-Galactosidases as natural biocatalysts have important application value in various industries. In this paper, we reviewed their physiological functions, biological sources, classification, and protein structure and substrate specificity relationships of Glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 27, aiming at providing references for related experiments and studies.

Keywords: GH27α-Galactosidase, Loop region, Substrate specificity, Thermo stability, Stability at low pH 29

Abbreviations: GH: Glycoside Hydrolase

Introduction

Galacto-oligosaccharides (i.e. stachyose and raffinose) commonly exist in food and feed and are indigestible by human and animals, thereby causing flatulence, gastrointestinal disturbance and low feed efficiency. [1] α-Galactosidases (EC. 3.2.1.22) has hydrolysis ability to degrade these anti-nutritional factors, decrease the viscosity of the diet, reduce the occurrence of diarrhoea, destroy the structure of the cell wall of the plant, promote the nutrition release, improve the utilization efficiency of the nutrients in the feed, increases lean meat rate, enhances immune function and disease resistance of animals. [2,3] α-Galactosidases has great application value in industrial processes of feed, food, and beet sugar production. α-Galactosidases are widely distributed in fungi, bacteria, plants and human (www.cazy.org). Fungal α-galactosidases have maximal activity at pH 3-5, but bacterial α-galactosidases are the optimal pH of 6-7.5.1, [4-6] Some thermostable α-galactosidases have been identified from thermophilic fungi, such as thermomyces lanuginosus, Talaromecys emersonii, and Rhizomucor miehei. [7- 9] Due to high processing temperatures and acidic environment of the gastrointestinal tract, the highly efficient, thermostable and acidicphilic α-galactosidases with broad substrate specificity is of great interest. [10] Base on the sequence similarities, α-galactosidases are divided into Glycoside Hydrolase (GH) families 4, 27, 36, 57, 97, and 110. [11] Most fungal α-galactosidases belong to GH27 and have conserved YLKYDNC catalytic motif and DD(G/C) W binding motif. [12,13] The resolved crystal structures of two GH27 α-galactosidases from Trichoderma reesei (1t0oA) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScAGal, 3LRK) share a (β/α)8 barrel fold and a retaining reaction mechanism. [13,14] Sequence analysis indicated Loops 1, 2, and 4 of α-galactosidase from T. reesei and corresponding loops 1-3 and 6 from ScAGal create new binding sites for formation and breakdown of a covalent glycosyl enzyme intermediate.13,14 In our study, two α-galactosidases Gal27A and Gal27B of family GH27 from the thermophilic Neosartorya fischeri had similar tertiary structures but varied in loop regions and substrate specificity. [15,16] Gal27A had far separate loops and showed higher activity towards raffinose, which was 4.9 - and 3.8- fold for that of melibiose and stachyose.

[15] Whereas stachyose was a preferred substrate for Gal27B with closely proximate loops and its activity to stachyose was 9.6- and 4.4-fold of melibiose and raffinose, respectively.16 Introduction of loop 4 of Gal27A into Gal27B elevated the activity to raffinose and broaded the substrate specificity (data not shown). Kinetic analysis of prolyl oligopeptidase indicated the loop splitting decreased the affinity of the enzyme to the substrate. [17] Sitedirected mutagenesis revealed loops facing the active site of prolyl oligopeptidase can regulate the substrate gating and specificity. [18] Thus the flexibility and motility of loops are presumed to be involved in enzyme-substrate interactions. The transformation of the zymoproteins is an important source to obtain excellent zymoproteins for various industries. With the development and accumulation of structural biological information of protein structure and function, protein rational design will inevitably become an important means to improve the properties of enzyme proteins.

https://lupinepublishers.com/food-and-nutri-journal/pdf/SJFN.MS.ID.000102.pdf

https://lupinepublishers.com/food-and-nutri-journal/fulltext/the-loop-regions-and-substrate-specificity-of-gh-27-familiy-galactosidases.ID.000102.php

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Lupine Publishers | Body Mass Index of Kaani Tribes from Kanyakumari District in Tamil Nadu, India

 Lupine Publishers | Scholarly Journal of Food And Nutrition

Abstract

BMI provides the most useful population-level measure of overweight and obesity as it is the same for both sexes and for all ages of adults. However, it should be considered a rough guide because it may not correspond to the same degree of fatness in different individuals. There is a difference in BMI values for the Asians as compared to the WHO criteria. Our study focused on the BMI of the Kaani tribes in Kanyakumari District of Tamil Nadu, India. We categorized them as two groups, viz. those who lived in the forest area and those who had moved out of the forest into neighbouring villages. We found that among the forest dwellers there was a greater percentage in the underweight category, indicating energy deficiency, while those in the rural areas were moving to a greater BMI. This is of concern as the sequel of thinness and overweight represent major public health problems.

Keywords: BMI, Kaani tribes, Public health, Lifestyle, Chronic energy deficiency, Obesity

Abbreviations: BMI: Body Mass Index, WHO: World Health Organization, CED: Chronic Energy Deficiency

Introduction

Body mass index is considered as an index for assessing the nutritional status. The 1993 WHO Expert Committee WHO [1] reported that weight gain in adult life was associated with increased morbidity and mortality at higher BMI range. Therefore, BMI cutoff for overweight should be interpreted based on risk factors of morbidity and mortality. Smalley et al. [2] reported that type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and increased mortality are the most important sequels of obesity and abdominal fatness, but other associations like musculoskeletal disorders, limitations of respiratory function and reduced physical functioning and quality of life were also observed.

Methodology

The study area Kanyakumari is located in Tamil Nadu in South India, about 700 Kms. from Chennai the capital city of Tamil Nadu. The nearest major city is Trivandrum in the neighbouring state of Kerala. Kerala border is very near to Kanyakumari, which is why a mixed culture of Kerala and Tamil Nadu is seen in the area. A crosssectional study was carried out as it provides a clear ‘snapshot’ of the outcome and the characteristics associated with it, at a specific point in time. The investigator collected quantitative data; the Auxiliary Nurse Midwife accompanied her from the Primary Health Centre to establish a rapport with the local leaders and Kaani heads. Anthropometric measurements were collected using standard instruments and protocol. Measurements were recorded for adult’s males and females in the age group of 25 to 55 years from the forest and rural areas. The sample size was calculated based on the 2011 census population size of Kaanis in Kanyakumari district.

Result and Discussion

A BMI< 18.5 kg/m² is widely used as a practical measure of chronic energy or hunger deficiency (CED), i.e., a “steady” underweight in which an individual is in energy balance irrespective of a loss in body weight or body energy stores Khongsdier [3]. Thus, the use of BMI as an anthropometric indicator of nutritional status can be more appropriate in a country with diverse ethnic groups, such as India Khongsdier [4] (Table 1). Majority of the male and female in forest area (52.8 % and 52.7%) and in rural area (51.65% and 59.7%) belonged to normal weight with a BMI of 18.5 - 22.9, followed by (45.9%) percent of the female in forest areas being underweight with a BMI of < 18.5. Alarmingly about 41.5 percent of the male in forest area were underweight with a BMI of < 18.5. 5.3 percent of male in rural were obese. Body mass index is used as an index to assess the extent of chronic energy deficiency (CEO) in adults. In adult males, the mean BMI was 20.38kg/m², 19.53kg/m², 20.25kg/m² for the age groups 30-35 years, 36-55 years and above 55 years respectively.

Adult under nutrition very simply happens, due to hunger and lack of food. Body Mass Index (BMI) can measure adult malnutrition and a BMI below 18.5 indicates chronic under nutrition. Statistics have shown how 37% of adult Indians, 50% of adults belonging to the Scheduled Tribes and 60% of adult Indians belonging to the Scheduled Castes have a BMI below 18.5, which makes them chronically undernourished. The overall CED was highest in Madhya Pradesh (76.0%) followed by Maharastra (71.9%), Jharkhand (58.5%), Tamil Nadu (55.0%), Andhra Pradesh (50.1%), Odisha (49.5%), West Bengal (45.9%), Kerala (37.8%), Andaman & Nicobar Island (29.5%), Assam (21.5%), while Meghalaya shows the least (14.3%) prevalence of under nutrition among the tribes in all the studied states of India Das and Bose [5] . Asian Indians have a characteristic obesity phenotype, consisting of relatively lower BMI, excess body fat percentage, abdominal and truncal adiposity and less lean tissue Banerji et al. [6]; Dudeja et al. [7]. WHO [8] Expert Consultation proposed a new BMI cut-off of 23.0 kg/m2 for public health action in Asia. There has been limited data on the anthropometric and nutritional status of various tribal populations of India Bose et al. [9] to plan intervention strategies.

Conclusion

Many researchers report the relationship between BMI and diabetes mellitus. Misra and Vikram [10] reported that 67% diabetics were found as either over weight (or) obese subjects. We have found that under-weight is predominant in the Kaanis of the forest area, while those who have moved to rural areas outside the forest have a greater percentage who are over-weight. We would like to conclude that life-style in the forest is not conducive to maintaining healthy body weight; while those who have moved out of the forest are heading towards problems of over-weight. One is a consequence of insufficient food intake, the other is leading to overnutrition and consequently to lifestyle diseases in the future.

https://lupinepublishers.com/food-and-nutri-journal/fulltext/body-mass-index-of-kaani-tribes-from-kanyakumari-district-in-tamil-nadu-india.ID.000101.php

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Nutrition and Diabetic journals - Lupine Publishers

Forage Production Potential of Maize - Cowpea Intercropping in Maichew - Southern Tigray, Ethiopia by Abraha Negash in Scholarly Journal of Food and Nutrition - Lupine Publishers

Needless to mention the ever increasing pressure on cultivated land for food & commercial crops, diminishing the area for forage production. RCBD five treatments with three replications experiment compared maize grown as sole crop with maizecowpea intercropped to assess agronomic, nutritional and economic returns of forage production. Average plant performance ranged 122.85-174.19cm maize plant height; 20.7-26.4cm ear length, & number of leaves/maize plant was 9.13-10.52. The effect of intercropping treatments on maize forage yield was significant (P<.05), however, there was no significant difference in grain yield among the cropping systems though T5 yielded higher and higher 100 maize grains weight followed by T4 yield and 21.74g average 100 maize grain weight; T3 (3.05ton/ha) and 21.84g average 100 maize seeds and the least in yield was actually the sole maize T2 (2.24ton/ha), confirming that intercropping has at least, some scenario better than sole cropping practices. There was no significant soil NPK effect pre-sowing and postharvest.

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https://lupinepublishers.com/food-and-nutri-journal/abstracts/forage-production-potential-of-maize-cowpea-intercropping-in-maichew-southern-tigray-ethiopia.ID.000108.php

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Food and nutrition sciences journal - Lupine Publishers

Reduction of Immune Related Disease with Diet Rich in Antioxidants by Tulika Mishra in Scholarly Journal of Food and Nutrition - Lupine Publishers

The nutritional value of the food that we consume plays a very important role in combating many diseases. Industrialization, urbanization, economic and social development has brought to prompt changes in diets and life style. Consequently people have become more prone to cancer, hypertension, strokes etc due to inappropriate diet. One of the major causes of many of these diseases is oxidative stress caused by disturbance in the balance between antioxidants and prooxidants. Prooxidants or free radicals are the species capable of independent existence that contain one/more unpaired electrons [1]. Free radicals not only contribute to the elimination of infected cells, but when present in higher concentrations react with cellular DNA, proteins, lipids and other macromolecules. The disease such as brain dysfunction, cancer, autoimmune pathologies, gastrointestinal inflammation and ulcers [2], heart diseases and immune decline could be due to these free radicals [3]. In physiological condition, the human body can compensate for a mild degree of oxidant stress and remove oxidatively damaged molecules by activating antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, etc. Thus, owing to their ability to reduce oxidative damage.

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Journal of Nutrition and Health Sciences - Lupine Publishers

The Birth of Nutrition as an Academic Field by Richard A Ahrens in Scholarly Journal of Food and Nutrition (SJFN) - Lupine Publsihers

Once upon a time matter existed. It did nothing. It existed. It was the size of a pebble. However, it had components. These components had a high attraction to one another. At some point one of these components became unstable. It no longer was attracted to the other components, but, was repelled by them. There was release of energy and matter divided. In that instant the pebble expanded to astronomical scope. This is currently named the “Big Bang Theory” of the origins of the universe. Expansion of the universe continues today, but, Hawking Hertog [1] have presented evidence that constant inflation into multiverses is not our future. They conclude that the exit from eternal inflation is finite and reasonably smooth for a system that is 13.8 billion years old.

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Route Evaluation and Analytical HPLC Method Development of Buprenorphine, Naloxone, and Comparison Overall Efficiency of Naltrexone Nalbuphine Traces the Evolution of Various Approaches by Krishnasarma Pathy in Scholarly Journal of Food and Nutrition (SJFN) - Lupine Publsihers

This is out line work on the process development for the synthesis of buprenorphine, naltrexone, naloxone, and nalbuphine from naturally occurring opiates such as Thebaine, also known as codeine methyl enol ether, and oripavine. Several new methods for N-demethylation of morphinans have been developed during the pursuit of this research. The article traces the evolution of various approaches and provides a comparison for overall efficiency. A reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RPHPLC) method has been developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of Naloxone Hydrochloride and Buprenorphine Hydrochloride in pure and marketed formulations. Separation was carried out using column Hypersil ODS C18 (250 mm x 4.6mm x 5μm particle size) in isocratic mode using mobile phase composition pH 6.0 ammonium acetate Buffer: Acetonitrile (68:32)v/v and UV detection at 310nm. The compounds were eluted at a flow rate of 1.0mL/ min. The average retention times for Naloxone and Buprenorphine were 2.86 and 3.67 min, respectively.

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Handling, Processing and Utilization Practices of Milk Products in Raya, the Southern Highlands of Tigray, Ethiopia by Abraha Negash in  Scholarly Journal of Food and Nutrition (SJFN)  - Lupine Publsihers

Cross-sectional study conducted with the aim of assessing milk products handling, processing and to characterize utilization practices in dairy farmers of Ofla, Endamekoni and Embalaje highlands of Southern Tigray, Ethiopia. A total of 156 households possessing a dairy farmers, of which 47 urban, 20 periurban and 89 rural were studied using Probability proportional to size approach sample determination. Using butter as hair ointment and custom of dying white close. About 42.31% respondents sell fresh milk, 1.92% buttermilk and yoghurt, 98.08% butter to consumers of which 93.26% of them were rural respondents. Local vessels were treated with different plant materials by cleaning and smoking. Milking vessels used ‘gibar’, plastic materials and ‘karfo’, milk souring utensils ‘qurae’ made of clay pot, plastic vessels or gourd; ghee storing 66.03% respondents in plastic, 30.13% used ’qurae’ and 3.21% use stainless steel vessels. There was significant (p<0.05) difference in the use of churning vessels in the study area where 93.6% of respondents use ‘Laga’ while the others use water tight plastic vessel.

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Lupine publishers LLC | Lupine Publishers Review

Lupine Publishers LLC isa world’s leading Online Publishing repository, a genuine publisher with quality medical journals. Lupine Publishers LLC peer reviewed publisher is a multidisciplinary, scholarly Open Access publisher focused on Genetic, Biomedical and Remedial missions in relation with Technical Knowledge as well. Lupine Publishers LLC Online Open Access Publisher,craves to select ground- breaking research based on modernism, aptness, scientific connotation, prospective spectator’s interests, setc. Lupine Publishers LLC Online Open Access Publisher endeavor to provide by far and liberally accessible belvedere to researchers and practitioners in support of their novel and valuable ideas. Lupine Publishers LLCOnline Open Access Publisher already have 2000+ Editorial Board members along with 5000+ Published articles with them. Lupine Publishers LLC Online Open Access journals maintains a scrupulous, methodical, fair peer review System. Besides, quality control is riveted in each step of the publication process. Lupine Publishers LLC, strictly follows open access policy: Open access policies are part of rapidly growing researches in academia to enhance and encourage the new modes and techniques of scholarly publication by providing worldwide free access. Members of universities, schools and departments are establishing open access policies to make their research and scholarship more accessible to scholars, educators, policymakers, students and citizens worldwide. The only motto of Lupine Publishers LLC Open access Publisher is accelerating the scientific and technical research papers,considering the importance of technology and the human health in the advanced levels and several emergency medical and clinical issues associated with it, the key attention is given towards biomedical research. Thus, Lupine Publishers LLC asserting the requirement of a common evoked and enriched information sharing platform for the craving readers. Lupine Publishers LLC is such a unique platform to accumulate and publicize scientific knowledge on science and related discipline. Lupine Publishers LLC multidisciplinary open access publisher is rendering a global podium for the professors, academicians, researchers and students of the relevant disciplines to share their scientific excellence in the form of an original research article, review article, case reports, short communication, e-books, video articles, etc. Lupine Publishers LLC has quality journals which are self supporting, with no dependency on any other external sources (like universities, centers) for funds and strives for the best and enhanced quality publications competes the world wide open access publishing market. Lupine Publishers LLC always rely on the support from the members of the Lupine Publishers LLC family that is relevantly their Authors, Editorial Committee members, advisory board, Reviewers Board and all the technical support teams all over the globe. Lupine Publishers LLC trust in the reciprocated coordination and cooperation in terms of sharing the scientific knowledge of individuals and Groups of Research centers/areas will in turn educates and provokes in advanced researches. In this case Lupine Publishers LLC like to act as a media that anchors in the transformation of information in the form of global online publication.

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What is the role of Editors in Lupine Publishers?

Editor Guidelines

The main epigram of Lupine Publishers is to spread scientific knowledge globally by publishing quality articles in their open access journals. The credibility of published articles completely depends on the effective peer review process; Hence, editors are the chief support for Lupine Publishers. The Editorial board members of Lupine are responsible to make it as quality manuscript publisherwhich are received from authors on various subject areas.

Roles and Responsibilities:

• Actively look for the views of associate editors, authors, readers, reviewers and editorial board members about ways of improving their journal's content.
• Reputation of our group is enhanced by the presence of eminent editors. They also must endeavor to set higher standards for the journal whenever possible.
• Sustain initiatives to educate researchers and young scholars about publication policies and ethics.
• Editorial board members are most welcome to give their valuable suggestions for organizational progress.
• Editors can review submitted manuscripts based on their feasible time, if time does not allow reviewing the manuscript, editors can suggest other reviewers.
• Editors will look after any confidential data regarding the task. If the author has used information of certain individuals, specifically in any of his medical or scientific records, the editorial Team must look for written consent from the individual, for the record to qualify for publishing.
• Grabbing editorial decisions at the right time and communicating in a clear manner.
• The validity of the scientific facts stated must be checked and the criticism of the manuscript should be left open for all to decide.
• The editorial board members must assure that published content is original. The reliability of the author's work is a must, so there must be proper citation and the original source of the content should be named.
• The final decision regarding modification, acceptance, or rejection of a manuscript rests solely with the editor.

Benefits:

• Editors can be promoted as senior editor and executive editor in the concerned journal based on their active participation and also based on their experience.
• Editors will be given highest priority in all the events that are organized by Biomedical Journal.
• Based on their kind contributions and their efficiency, there is a chance to serve as a prominent member of the advisory board.
• After one year of due course, Editor-in-Chief will be announced for every journal based on their active participation, expertise in the field, contribution towards the Journal and also their scientific contributions.
• The review comments that are given by the editors will be strictly followed after which the authors will be requested to modify their manuscript according to the editor’s suggestions.
• We promote all the articles of the Editors that are published in our journals, in various social networking groups from our end, increasing visibility for their works.
• Our journals consider Editorials as a note to the young researchers and scholars.
• Editors shall be honored in position as Chair/Co-Chair for any conferences organized by us and also the fee will be waived.

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Food and nutrition sciences journal - Lupine Publishers

The Loop Regions and Substrate Specificity of GH 27 Familiy α-Galactosidases by Canfang Niu and Peilong Yang’s in Scholarly Journal of Food and Nutrition (SJFN) - Lupine Publishers

ROS in the human body can cause detrimental effects such as alteration of membrane organization and functional loss of protein, enzymes and DNA, which eventually lead to various diseases and accelerated aging [5]. For instance, 8-hydroxydeoxuguanosine can oxidize DNA, protein oxidation might cause carbonyl modifications and loss of Sulfihidryl (SH) group from protein, ratio of redox couples such as glutathione: oxidized glutathione, NADPH:NADP+, and NADH:NAD+ will tend to shift to a more pro-oxidant value. It seems that the oxidation process is depending on age. Overload oxidative stress and abundant amounts of lipid peroxidation products can produce toxic and cause detrimental effects to biomolecules and generate pathogenesis oxidative stress-related disease such as, atherosclerosis, vasospasms, cancers, trauma, stroke, asthma, hyperoxia, arthritis, heart attack, age pigments, dermatitis, cataractogenesis, retinal damage, hepatitis, liver injury, and periondontis.

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Journal of Food and Nutrition - Lupine Publishers

The Loop Regions and Substrate Specificity of GH 27 Familiy α-Galactosidases by Canfang Niu and Peilong Yang’s in Scholarly Journal of Food and Nutrition (SJFN) -  Lupine Publishers

Galacto-oligosaccharides (i.e. stachyose and raffinose) commonly exist in food and feed and are indigestible by human and animals, thereby causing flatulence, gastrointestinal disturbance and low feed efficiency. [1] α-Galactosidases (EC. 3.2.1.22) has hydrolysis ability to degrade these anti-nutritional factors, decrease the viscosity of the diet, reduce the occurrence of diarrhoea, destroy the structure of the cell wall of the plant, promote the nutrition release, improve the utilization efficiency of the nutrients in the feed, increases lean meat rate, enhances immune function and disease resistance of animals. [2,3] α-Galactosidases has great application value in industrial processes of feed, food, and beet sugar production. α-Galactosidases are widely distributed in fungi, bacteria, plants and human (www.cazy.org). Fungal α-galactosidases have maximal activity at pH 3-5, but bacterial α-galactosidases are the optimal pH of 6-7.5.1.

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https://lupinepublishers.com/food-and-nutri-journal/fulltext/the-loop-regions-and-substrate-specificity-of-gh-27-familiy-galactosidases.ID.000102.php

https://lupinepublishers.com/food-and-nutri-journal/pdf/SJFN.MS.ID.000102.pdf

https://lupinepublishers.com/food-and-nutri-journal/abstracts/the-loop-regions-and-substrate-specificity-of-gh-27-familiy-galactosidases.ID.000102.php

For more Lupine Publishers Open Access Journals Please visit our website

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