Lupine Publishers | Trends in Ophthalmology Open Access Journal
Introduction
Chicken meat and its products are
important for human diet in all over the world because they contribute to solve
the global food problems and provide the well-known protein, fat, essential
amino acids, minerals, vitamins and other nutrients and they also have a milder
flavor which is more readily complemented with flavoring and sauces.
Environmental pollution by heavy metals is considered as one of the most
serious problems in the world over the last few decades. Emissions of heavy
metals to the environment occur via a wide range of pathways, including air,
water and soil, threatening the animal and human health and quality of the
environment. Heavy metal toxicity could be present in different ways depending
on its route of ingestion, its chemical form, dose, tissue affinity, age and
sex, as well as whether exposure is acute or chronic and. Nowadays, poultry
feed is produced from various raw materials such as fish by-products that can
transfer heavy metals to poultry feed in undesirable levels following
collecting them from contaminated waters, that may lead to increase of trace
metals in chicken and chicken products with a serious threat because of their
toxicity, bioaccumulation and biomagnifications in the food chain.
The main heavy metals of concern are
lead, cadmium, copper, mercury and arsenic which at even low concentrations
pose serious health hazard to primary and secondary consumers due to bio
magnifications. The effects of metals and metalloids are partly due to the
direct inhibition of enzymatic systems and, also to the indirect alteration of
the essential metal ion equilibrium. Majority of the known metals and metalloids
are very toxic to living organisms and even those considered as essential can
be toxic if present in excess. Moreover, owing to their toxicity persistence
and tendency to accumulate, heavy metals when occurring in higher
concentrations, become severe toxic for human being and all living organisms
through alteration of physiological activities and biochemical parameters in
blood and tissues, and through defects in cellular uptake mechanisms in the
mammalian liver and kidney, inhibiting hepatic and renal sulfate / bicarbonate
transporter causing sulfaturia.
Lead is an accumulative poison; it
has hematological effect due to the inhibition of hemoglobin synthesis and
shortening life span of circulating erythrocytes resulting in anemia. It has a
toxic and damage effects leading to reduction of the cognitive development and
intellectual performance in children; increase blood pressure; damage of the
brain and kidneys; cardiovascular and reproductive diseases in adults.
Cadmium is used extensively in the
mining and electroplating industries and found in fertilizes and fungicides. It
is a very toxic heavy metal, which accumulates inside the body particularly
kidneys and chronic exposure may induce heart diseases, anemia, skeletal
weakness, depressed immune system response, kidney and liver diseases; cancer
and death.
Copper is an essential element for
man and animals. It is required for normal biological activity of several
enzymes and it added to poultry diets with manganese and zinc (premix) to
enhance their weight gain and disease prevention. Meanwhile, ingestion of
excessive doses of copper may lead to adverse health problems, such as severe
nausea, bloody diarrhea, hypotension, liver and kidney damage.
Arsenic is a metalloid that occurs
in inorganic and organic forms and is found in the environment, both naturally
occurring and as a result of human activity. The inorganic forms of arsenic are
more toxic than organic ones. However, so far, most of the data regarding
arsenic occurrence in food, gathered under the official control of foodstuff,
is still reported as total arsenic, without differentiating the various types
of arsenic in the diet. It has a toxic effects includes decrease in hemoglobin,
packed cell volume, erythrocytic count and total leukocytic counts, heterophils
and lymphocytes.
The presence of the residual
agro-chemicals in foods is detrimental to human health and the accumulation of
foreign chemicals such as lead, arsenic, cadmium, copper and mercury in human
system has been linked to immune-suppression, hypersensitivity to chemical
agents, liver and kidney damage, breast cancer, reduce sperm count and
infertility, respiratory distress DNA alteration and death in extreme cases.
Considering the fact that chicken meat and its products can contain some toxic
heavy metals and therefore exposure to the toxic trace metals will be gained
through consumption of these products, the accurate determination of them has
been focused by researchers in last decades, worldwide.
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