Lupine Publishers | Autism and Food Selectivity- Mini Review

 Lupine Publishers | Scholarly Journal of Food and Nutrition

Introduction

The label “autism” has become one of the most important linguistic and conceptual creations in medical and psychological nomenclature, and has two names linked to pioneering studies: Austrian pediatrician Hans Asperger and Austrian psychiatrist Leo Kanner. Seventy years have passed since the publication of Asperger’s text on autism (1944), Kanner’s article (1943) had been known since its publication. Asperger was totally ignored until 1976 when English psychiatrist Lorna Wing published an article summarizing the work [1]. Kanner (1943), who first described and named early childhood autism, believed it was a distinct entity to be clearly distinguished from mental retardation, but there are many people who would argue that the two cannot be separated [2].

Autism and Asperger’s syndrome [3-5] are best known among invasive developmental disorders (PDD), a family of conditions marked by the early onset of delays and deviations in the development of social, communicative and cognitive skills. too many skills [6]. The first reports were made in 1943 by Leo Kanner, who first described 11 cases of what he called autistic affective contact disorders [7] as a condition with very specific behavioral characteristics, such as: disturbances of affective relationships. with the environment, extreme autistic loneliness, inability to use language for communication, presence of good cognitive potentialities, apparently normal physical appearance, ritualistic behaviors, early onset and predominant incidence in males.

Knickerbocker proposed that oral sensitivity, which is common in children with ASD, may be another example of a sensory system that is not only hyperresponsive to oral input, but also has a deficit in the modulation capacity of a varied sensory information input [8].

Oral hyperresponsiveness is more common in children with ASD than in children with typical development. Children with oral hyperresponsiveness are described as picky eaters, eat few vegetables and fruits, refuse to eat the same meal as their family, refuse to try and have aversion to certain tastes, textures and smells, do not like foods with low temperatures. or tall [9]. Parents of children with ASD often report that their children have a very restricted diet, with limited and limited food selection and acceptance and may be restricted to five foods [10].

In several of the studies analyzed by the authors, reports of food-based refusal of food have been identified, and difficulties in ingesting certain food textures have been attributed to changes in sensory processing or may be indicative of oro-motor difficulties, as well., sensory or oromotor changes may contribute to food refusal, with difficulty in chewing food or tolerating texture mix [11].

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Lupine Publishes | Poultry Meat

 Lupine Publishers | Trends in Ophthalmology Open Access Journal 

Introduction

Chicken meat and its products are important for human diet in all over the world because they contribute to solve the global food problems and provide the well-known protein, fat, essential amino acids, minerals, vitamins and other nutrients and they also have a milder flavor which is more readily complemented with flavoring and sauces. Environmental pollution by heavy metals is considered as one of the most serious problems in the world over the last few decades. Emissions of heavy metals to the environment occur via a wide range of pathways, including air, water and soil, threatening the animal and human health and quality of the environment. Heavy metal toxicity could be present in different ways depending on its route of ingestion, its chemical form, dose, tissue affinity, age and sex, as well as whether exposure is acute or chronic and. Nowadays, poultry feed is produced from various raw materials such as fish by-products that can transfer heavy metals to poultry feed in undesirable levels following collecting them from contaminated waters, that may lead to increase of trace metals in chicken and chicken products with a serious threat because of their toxicity, bioaccumulation and biomagnifications in the food chain.

The main heavy metals of concern are lead, cadmium, copper, mercury and arsenic which at even low concentrations pose serious health hazard to primary and secondary consumers due to bio magnifications. The effects of metals and metalloids are partly due to the direct inhibition of enzymatic systems and, also to the indirect alteration of the essential metal ion equilibrium. Majority of the known metals and metalloids are very toxic to living organisms and even those considered as essential can be toxic if present in excess. Moreover, owing to their toxicity persistence and tendency to accumulate, heavy metals when occurring in higher concentrations, become severe toxic for human being and all living organisms through alteration of physiological activities and biochemical parameters in blood and tissues, and through defects in cellular uptake mechanisms in the mammalian liver and kidney, inhibiting hepatic and renal sulfate / bicarbonate transporter causing sulfaturia.

Lead is an accumulative poison; it has hematological effect due to the inhibition of hemoglobin synthesis and shortening life span of circulating erythrocytes resulting in anemia. It has a toxic and damage effects leading to reduction of the cognitive development and intellectual performance in children; increase blood pressure; damage of the brain and kidneys; cardiovascular and reproductive diseases in adults.

Cadmium is used extensively in the mining and electroplating industries and found in fertilizes and fungicides. It is a very toxic heavy metal, which accumulates inside the body particularly kidneys and chronic exposure may induce heart diseases, anemia, skeletal weakness, depressed immune system response, kidney and liver diseases; cancer and death.

Copper is an essential element for man and animals. It is required for normal biological activity of several enzymes and it added to poultry diets with manganese and zinc (premix) to enhance their weight gain and disease prevention. Meanwhile, ingestion of excessive doses of copper may lead to adverse health problems, such as severe nausea, bloody diarrhea, hypotension, liver and kidney damage.

Arsenic is a metalloid that occurs in inorganic and organic forms and is found in the environment, both naturally occurring and as a result of human activity. The inorganic forms of arsenic are more toxic than organic ones. However, so far, most of the data regarding arsenic occurrence in food, gathered under the official control of foodstuff, is still reported as total arsenic, without differentiating the various types of arsenic in the diet. It has a toxic effects includes decrease in hemoglobin, packed cell volume, erythrocytic count and total leukocytic counts, heterophils and lymphocytes.

The presence of the residual agro-chemicals in foods is detrimental to human health and the accumulation of foreign chemicals such as lead, arsenic, cadmium, copper and mercury in human system has been linked to immune-suppression, hypersensitivity to chemical agents, liver and kidney damage, breast cancer, reduce sperm count and infertility, respiratory distress DNA alteration and death in extreme cases. Considering the fact that chicken meat and its products can contain some toxic heavy metals and therefore exposure to the toxic trace metals will be gained through consumption of these products, the accurate determination of them has been focused by researchers in last decades, worldwide.

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