Lupine Publishers | Scholarly Journal of Food and Nutrition
Opinion
Once
upon a time matter existed. It did nothing. It existed. It was the size of a
pebble. However, it had components. These components had a high attraction to
one another. At some point one of these components became unstable. It no
longer was attracted to the other components, but, was repelled by them. There
was release of energy and matter divided. In that instant the pebble expanded
to astronomical scope. This is currently named the “Big Bang Theory” of the
origins of the universe. Expansion of the universe continues today, but,
Hawking Hertog [1] have presented evidence that constant inflation into
multiverses is not our future. They conclude that the exit from eternal
inflation is finite and reasonably smooth for a system that is 13.8 billion
years old.
Within
that expansion over the past 13.8 billion years a number of planets have been
created that could support life. Earth is one of those planets. There are many
theories of how life on this planet began. Most scientific evidence supports
the development of single cell organisms about 3 billion years ago. The
Miller-Urey experiment conducted in 1953 [2] attempted to replicate conditions
that existed in the early Earth. An electrical spark simulating lightning was
introduced into system containing water and basic organic components: carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Within one day their system contained several
amino acids, the building blocks of protein, and simple carbohydrates.
Abiogenesis is the process by which these nonliving components are thought to
have developed into living cells. It is the predominant theory in biology
today.
The
development of multicellular organisms through cooperation among cells
according to Anderson [3] has one universal requirement, the emergence of primordial
life cycles. Without this cheat cells cause the system to fragment into chaos.
However, cheating cells (ones that do not contribute to the integrity of the
group) allow groups to change, i.e. evolution to take place. Multicellular
systems without cheats weaken and die. The first multicellular organisms seem
to have developed about 600 million years ago. Plants were multicellular
organisms that got established on Earth in the sea and eventually on land. The
origin of plants came from green algae that lived in damp areas 420 million
years ago. Basic to plant life was the development of photosynthesis that
utilized radiant energy from the Sun. That provided a food source for
herbivorous animals, but, it isn’t clear that the first animals were necessarily
herbivorous. Among the unicellular living things were cells that consumed other
cells, i.e. carnivores. Obviously, particularly in the sea, life preceded
photosynthesis. It was a living system of carnivores and, eventually,
omnivores.
Among
the omnivores, Homo sapiens evolved on land and came to occupy the top of the
food chain. The oldest fossil of a human ancestor dates from 3.2 million years
ago and was found at a site called Aramis in the Middle Awash region of the
Afar desert in Ethiopia. Since the development of Anthropology as a field of
study in the early 19th Century scholars have disagreed about different
theories of human development. Regardless of how humans developed they fed
themselves in two ways:
a.
Hunting and gathering; or
b.
Agriculture.
When
hunting and gathering predominated a mobile lifestyle not easily confined
within borders also predominated. Urban living could only be achieved at the
expense of others. Slavery was a common practice and wars were often fought to
obtain slaves. Hunting and gathering has also led to cannibalism when food
supplies were low. Feldman [4] has described the Native American tribal system
before the arrival of European colonists. Headhunting, cannibalism and human
sacrifice were practiced in North America. Hunting and gathering has seldom led
to humane practices.
Agriculture
has been the predominant way that human society has fed itself since 10,000
BCE. This imposed a new set of problems. Borders and possession of land became
a major cause of warfare. Slavery was still rampant, but, slaves were seldom
eaten. People developed special skills as they stayed in one place. Eventually,
animal power began to replace slaves. The development of the horse collar in
the 12th Century became one of the most important advances during the Middle
Ages [5]. It was originally invented in China during the 5th Century and
allowed the use of horses in place of oxen. The full power of the horse could
be used without cutting off the air supply to the animal. Food production
increased and slavery was no longer necessary for productive farming. Once the
food supply was adequate people became more concerned about the kind of food
they were eating. Nutrition was born as an academic field.
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